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C&P Exam Prep: Upper Extremity Loss of Use (Complete Arm Function Loss)

DC 5120 musculoskeletal 38 CFR 4.71a

DBQ Overview

Interview + Physical
Form Name
amputations
Form Code
amputations
Page Count
6
Examiner Type
Orthopedic Surgeon, Physiatrist, or Prosthetist
Estimated Duration
30-60 minutes
Exam Format
Interview + Physical

What to Expect During Your Exam

Exam Overview

To evaluate the nature, level, and functional impact of upper extremity amputation or complete loss of use under DC 5120, including stump condition, prosthetic use, and whether the limb/residual limb meets criteria for loss of use equivalent to amputation at the shoulder.

What the examiner evaluates:

  • Level and date of amputation or surgical procedure
  • Whether loss of use is equivalent to amputation at the shoulder disarticulation level
  • Stump condition including length, skin integrity, neuromas, and bony prominences
  • Prosthesis use: type, frequency, tolerance, and functional benefit
  • Whether amputation is improvable by prosthesis
  • Residual limb complications such as phantom pain, stump pain, skin breakdown, or infection
  • Presence of forequarter amputation, shoulder disarticulation, or above/below deltoid insertion amputation
  • Pronator teres insertion level for forearm amputations
  • Functional impact on activities of daily living, occupational performance, and self-care
  • Use of assistive devices including prostheses, braces, canes, crutches, wheelchairs, or walkers
  • Dominant vs. non-dominant limb status
  • Presence of concurrent conditions affecting the contralateral limb or overall function
  • Neurological complications including phantom limb sensation or residual nerve pain

Exam will involve direct physical inspection of the residual limb or affected extremity, review of amputation records and surgical reports, prosthetic fitting and use assessment, and functional performance evaluation. Bring your prosthetic device(s) to the exam if you use one. The examiner will document exact amputation level relative to anatomical landmarks (deltoid insertion, pronator teres insertion, metacarpophalangeal joints). Be prepared to demonstrate functional limitations both with and without the prosthesis.

Typical duration: 30-60 minutes

Residual Limb Length Measurement

The length of the residual stump from the most proximal bony landmark to the distal end, which directly determines the applicable diagnostic code and rating level under 38 CFR 4.71a.

What to expect:

The examiner will use a tape measure to document stump length in centimeters from anatomical reference points such as the acromion, deltoid insertion, or lateral epicondyle. The relationship to the deltoid insertion (above vs. below) is critical for upper arm amputations, and the pronator teres insertion is critical for forearm amputations.

Key thresholds:

  • Forequarter amputation (complete removal of scapula and clavicle) — DC 5110 - 80% for dominant arm, 70% for non-dominant arm; qualifies for SMC(a)
  • Shoulder disarticulation (complete removal of humerus) — DC 5110 - 80% dominant, 70% non-dominant; qualifies for SMC(a)
  • Amputation above deltoid insertion — DC 5110 - 80% dominant, 70% non-dominant
  • Amputation below deltoid insertion — DC 5120 - 60% dominant, 50% non-dominant
  • Amputation above pronator teres insertion (forearm) — DC 5120 - 60% dominant, 50% non-dominant
  • Amputation below pronator teres insertion (forearm) — DC 5152 - 50% dominant, 40% non-dominant
  • Loss of use equivalent to amputation at shoulder (non-amputation) — DC 5120 - rated as amputation at shoulder level; qualifies for SMC(a)

Tips:

  • Know your exact amputation level before the exam by reviewing your surgical operative reports.
  • Understand that the deltoid insertion is approximately at the midpoint of the humerus - amputation above vs. below this landmark changes the rating.
  • If you have a functional limb but complete loss of use, the examiner must document why prosthesis cannot improve function, which affects whether SMC(a) applies.
  • Bring any prior measurements documented in VA treatment records to ensure consistency.

Pain considerations: Report any stump pain, phantom limb pain, or pain with prosthetic use that limits wear time or function. Pain that prevents consistent prosthetic use is a critical rating factor.

Stump Condition Assessment

The physical condition of the residual limb including skin integrity, bony prominences, neuromas, scarring, contractures, and suitability for prosthetic fitting.

What to expect:

The examiner will visually inspect and palpate the stump, noting skin health, presence of neuromas, bony spurs, adherent scars, ulcerations, infections, or edema. The shape and soft tissue coverage will be assessed for prosthetic compatibility.

Key thresholds:

  • Defective stump not improvable by prosthesis — Rated at next higher amputation level; may qualify for SMC at higher level
  • Stump permitting prosthetic use with functional benefit — Rated at actual anatomical amputation level
  • Stump with painful neuromas or skin breakdown preventing prosthetic wear — May support defective stump rating and entitlement to higher evaluation

Tips:

  • Report all stump complications honestly and specifically: neuroma location, frequency of skin breakdown, infection history.
  • Note how long per day you can tolerate wearing the prosthesis - less than 4 hours suggests significant stump pathology.
  • If your stump has changed since your last exam (worsened scarring, new neuroma, increased pain), describe these changes explicitly.
  • Bring documentation of any stump revisions, wound care visits, or dermatology consultations.

Pain considerations: Phantom limb pain and stump end pain are distinct - describe both separately. Rate them on a 0-10 scale on your worst days and explain how they interfere with prosthetic use and daily activities.

Prosthetic Functional Assessment

Whether and to what extent a prosthetic device restores arm function, including type of prosthesis (body-powered, myoelectric, passive), hours of daily use, activities enabled vs. still limited, and whether function is truly 'improved' by the prosthesis.

What to expect:

The examiner will ask about your prosthesis type, how long you have used it, how many hours per day you wear it, what you can and cannot do with it, and whether it causes pain or skin problems. You may be asked to demonstrate donning/doffing and functional grip or reach tasks.

Key thresholds:

  • Amputation not improvable by prosthesis (natural elbow joint not preserved or stump too short) — Rated as loss of use at shoulder level - maximum rating under DC 5120
  • Amputation improvable by prosthesis but prosthesis not currently used — Rated at anatomical level; document medical reasons for non-use if applicable
  • Prosthesis used but with significant functional limitations — Functional impact documented in DBQ supports higher combined or secondary ratings

Tips:

  • Be specific about what your prosthesis cannot do: overhead reaching, fine motor tasks, bilateral activities, carrying heavy objects.
  • If you choose not to wear your prosthesis, explain the medical reason (skin breakdown, pain, sweating, ill fit) rather than simply preference.
  • A myoelectric prosthesis that works inconsistently due to signal loss or discomfort is still a limitation worth documenting.
  • Ask your prosthetist to write a letter documenting fit issues, functional limitations, and hours of comfortable use before the exam.

Pain considerations: Document pain caused by prosthetic socket pressure, harness chafing, or residual limb heat and swelling during use. Describe how pain limits the number of hours you can wear the prosthesis on your worst days.

Functional Reach and Grip Assessment

The residual functional capacity of the affected extremity or the compensatory function developed in the intact limb, used to document overall occupational and daily living impact.

What to expect:

The examiner may observe or ask about your ability to perform overhead reach, forward reach, grip strength, pinch, and bimanual tasks. For loss-of-use claims on an intact but non-functional limb, the examiner must document that the limb is no more useful than if it were amputated at the shoulder.

Key thresholds:

  • Limb cannot be used for any gainful purpose (loss of use, non-amputation) — Rated as amputation at shoulder level under DC 5120
  • Partial functional loss — May be rated under separate DCs for weakness, limitation of motion, or paralysis rather than 5120

Tips:

  • For loss-of-use claims on an intact limb, document that you cannot perform any meaningful task with that limb without assistance.
  • Describe specific activities you cannot perform: buttoning clothing, typing, lifting a glass, turning a doorknob.
  • Describe compensatory strategies you use (relying entirely on the opposite arm) as evidence of the affected arm's uselessness.
  • Pain, weakness, incoordination, and fatigue that collectively render the limb non-functional should all be described - these are DeLuca factors.

Pain considerations: For intact but non-functional limbs, report pain on a 0-10 scale at rest and with attempted use. Note how quickly the limb becomes painful or fatigued with any attempted activity, even on your best days.

Estimate

Rating Criteria Breakdown

80% Forequarter amputation (complete removal of arm, scapula, an ...

Forequarter amputation (complete removal of arm, scapula, and clavicle) - dominant arm. Also applies to shoulder disarticulation involving complete removal of the humerus, dominant arm. Qualifies the veteran for Special Monthly Compensation (SMC) at the 'a' level for loss of use of a creative organ substitute.

Key Symptoms

  • Complete absence of the entire upper extremity including shoulder girdle
  • No residual limb below the glenohumeral or acromioclavicular joint
  • Total loss of all arm function with no prosthetic improvement possible
  • Significant phantom pain or referred neuropathic pain in absent limb
  • Complete dependence on contralateral arm for all bilateral activities
  • Psychological and functional impact of total limb loss

CFR: 38 CFR 4.71a DC 5110: Amputation at shoulder level or above, or with so little remaining that a prosthesis of any kind cannot be used. Dominant arm rated 80%.

70% Forequarter amputation or shoulder disarticulation - non-dom ...

Forequarter amputation or shoulder disarticulation - non-dominant arm. Complete removal of the non-dominant arm at or above the shoulder joint. Qualifies for SMC(a).

Key Symptoms

  • Complete absence of non-dominant upper extremity at or above shoulder level
  • No usable residual limb for prosthetic fitting
  • Total dependence on dominant arm for all activities
  • Phantom limb pain or stump neuropathy
  • Loss of bilateral hand function affecting all complex tasks

CFR: 38 CFR 4.71a DC 5110: Non-dominant arm, forequarter or shoulder disarticulation level. Rated 70%.

60% Amputation of the upper arm (humerus) below the shoulder dis ...

Amputation of the upper arm (humerus) below the shoulder disarticulation but above the deltoid insertion, dominant arm. Also covers amputation above the pronator teres insertion in the forearm, dominant arm. Includes loss of use of a hand or arm equivalent to this level under DC 5120.

Key Symptoms

  • Residual limb present but above the deltoid insertion level
  • Loss of all elbow function below the amputation site
  • Stump may permit limited prosthetic fitting but function remains severely limited
  • Phantom limb pain, stump end pain, or neuroma pain
  • Inability to perform overhead activities, heavy lifting, or fine motor tasks
  • Prosthesis not improvable due to stump level or condition (for DC 5120 loss of use)

CFR: 38 CFR 4.71a DC 5120: Amputation at elbow or above, or with so little remaining that a prosthesis cannot be used - dominant arm 60%. DC 5120 also captures loss of use where the limb cannot be used as effectively as a prosthesis would allow.

50% Amputation above deltoid insertion or above pronator teres i ...

Amputation above deltoid insertion or above pronator teres insertion - non-dominant arm. Also covers loss of use of the non-dominant arm at this level under DC 5120.

Key Symptoms

  • Loss of non-dominant upper extremity at or above the defined anatomical landmarks
  • Stump condition permitting or not permitting prosthetic use
  • Functional loss preventing use of the non-dominant limb for any assistive role
  • Pain, weakness, or neuropathy limiting prosthetic tolerance

CFR: 38 CFR 4.71a DC 5120: Non-dominant arm amputation above deltoid or pronator teres insertion - rated 50%.

How to Describe Your Symptoms

Phantom Limb Pain and Sensation

How to describe:

Describe phantom pain as distinct from stump pain. Specify: location within the absent limb (e.g., 'feels like burning in my missing hand'), intensity on a 0-10 scale, frequency (constant vs. episodic), duration of episodes, and any triggers. Note whether it disrupts sleep, concentration, or the ability to wear a prosthesis.

Worst-day example:

“On my worst days, the phantom pain in my absent forearm feels like a 9 out of 10 burning and crushing sensation that lasts 4-6 hours. It wakes me from sleep at least three nights per week and prevents me from wearing my prosthesis because any socket contact intensifies the sensation.”

What the examiner listens for:

Documentation of neurological-type pain that is distinct from mechanical stump pain; evidence that phantom pain is chronic, severe, and functionally limiting; impact on prosthetic use and sleep.

Understatements to avoid:

Do not simply say 'I have some phantom pain sometimes.' Quantify frequency, intensity, duration, and functional impact. Do not conflate phantom sensation (non-painful awareness of absent limb) with phantom pain - they are rated differently.

Stump Pain and Skin Complications

How to describe:

Describe stump end pain, neuroma pain (sharp, electric, point-specific), skin breakdown, ulceration, infection history, sweating under the socket, and bony prominence pain. Specify how many hours per day you can tolerate the prosthetic socket before pain forces removal.

Worst-day example:

“On my worst days, the neuroma at the end of my stump causes sharp electric shocks radiating up my arm with any pressure, limiting prosthesis wear to less than 2 hours. I develop a skin ulcer at the distal end approximately once per month requiring wound care and 5-7 days of prosthesis discontinuation.”

What the examiner listens for:

Objective stump pathology that limits prosthetic use; history of stump revisions or wound care; evidence that the stump is 'defective' under VA rating criteria; pain severity that supports a higher rating level.

Understatements to avoid:

Do not say 'the skin gets a little irritated.' Document specific locations, frequency of breakdown, treatment required, and how it affects prosthetic use. Skin problems that limit prosthesis to under 4 hours daily are material to the rating.

Functional Limitations in Activities of Daily Living

How to describe:

Describe every task you cannot perform or can only perform with great difficulty due to the limb loss. Categorize by self-care (bathing, dressing, grooming), home management (cooking, cleaning, opening containers), occupational tasks, and recreational activities. Describe bilateral tasks you cannot perform without adaptive equipment or assistance.

Worst-day example:

“I cannot button my shirt, tie my shoes, open a jar, cut food, carry a bag on that side, shake hands, type with two hands, or hold my child with both arms. On bad days when phantom pain is severe, I cannot concentrate well enough to perform even simple computer tasks. I require adaptive equipment for dressing and rely on my spouse to help with meal preparation daily.”

What the examiner listens for:

Specific, concrete functional limitations that demonstrate the arm is not usable for any meaningful purpose; evidence of dependence on the contralateral limb or caregiver assistance; impact on employment and quality of life.

Understatements to avoid:

Avoid vague statements like 'I can't do much with it.' Provide a specific list of activities impaired. Do not minimize difficulties by saying 'I manage' - describe the effort, pain, or time required even when you do manage.

Prosthetic Use Limitations and Challenges

How to describe:

Describe prosthesis type (body-powered hook, myoelectric hand, passive cosmetic), hours of comfortable daily wear, situations requiring removal, mechanical failures, tasks the prosthesis cannot replicate, and how long it took to learn to use it. Note if you were prescribed a prosthesis but cannot use it due to stump condition.

Worst-day example:

“I use a myoelectric prosthesis but can only wear it 3-4 hours on a good day and less than 1 hour on bad days due to socket pressure pain and heat buildup. The prosthesis cannot perform fine pinch, overhead tasks, or rapid grip changes. In wet conditions, rain or sweat causes signal failures. I cannot sleep in it and must remove it for all personal hygiene tasks.”

What the examiner listens for:

Evidence that the prosthesis does not fully restore arm function; medical reasons for limited prosthetic use; whether the stump condition prevents prosthetic use altogether, supporting a 'not improvable by prosthesis' finding.

Understatements to avoid:

Do not imply your prosthesis works well if it does not. Do not omit limitations because you feel you 'should' be able to use it better. The examiner needs an honest, complete picture of actual prosthetic function, not idealized performance.

Pain with Attempted Use - DeLuca Factors

How to describe:

For veterans with loss of use of an intact (non-amputated) limb, describe all six DeLuca factors: (1) pain at rest and with movement, (2) fatigue after attempted use, (3) weakness throughout range of motion, (4) incoordination or loss of fine motor control, (5) flare-up frequency and duration, and (6) loss of function after repetitive use.

Worst-day example:

“When I attempt to use my arm, within 30 seconds of effort I develop severe pain rated 8/10, the arm trembles and loses coordination, and I experience complete weakness within 2 minutes. On flare-up days, which occur 3-4 times per week, I cannot raise the arm above waist level at all. After any attempted repetitive use, function deteriorates for 24-48 hours.”

What the examiner listens for:

Objective and subjective evidence that the limb cannot be used for any useful purpose; consistency between reported limitations and observed behavior during the exam; evidence that function is equivalent to absence of the limb.

Understatements to avoid:

Do not perform tasks during the exam that contradict your reported limitations. If the examiner asks you to do something painful, say so immediately and rate the pain. Do not push through pain silently - the examiner needs to observe your true functional limit.

Common Mistakes to Avoid

Prep Checklist

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Before Your Exam

Day Of

During the Exam

After the Exam

Your Rights During a C&P Exam

  • You have the right to a thorough, in-person examination by a qualified examiner (Orthopedic Surgeon, Physiatrist, or Prosthetist) with specific expertise relevant to upper extremity amputation and loss of use.
  • You have the right to request an audio or video recording of the C&P examination in most U.S. states under single-party consent laws. Verify your state's specific law before the exam.
  • You have the right to submit a written symptom statement, lay evidence, buddy statements, and supporting medical records before or during the examination, and all evidence must be considered by the examiner.
  • You have the right to have a VSO representative, accredited claims agent, or attorney present during the examination if you request it in advance.
  • You have the right to receive a copy of the completed DBQ through VA MyHealtheVet, VBMS, or a formal records request under the Privacy Act.
  • You have the right to challenge an inadequate examination by requesting a new examination through a Notice of Disagreement, Supplemental Claim, or Board Appeal if the examiner failed to address required DBQ elements, used incorrect anatomical landmarks, or did not review all submitted evidence.
  • You have the right to a Favorable Finding Letter documenting any facts confirmed during the exam that support your claim, under the VA's duty to assist.
  • You have the right to know the name and credentials of your examiner, and to request a qualified substitute if the assigned examiner lacks appropriate expertise in upper extremity amputation evaluation.
  • You have the right to be evaluated based on your worst-day symptoms, not your best-day performance, as required by M21-1 adjudication guidance and DeLuca v. Brown case precedent.
  • You have the right to have all secondary conditions and complications of your service-connected upper extremity loss evaluated concurrently, including phantom pain, psychiatric conditions, and contralateral overuse injuries.
  • You have the right to Special Monthly Compensation (SMC) evaluation if your amputation level or loss of use qualifies under 38 U.S.C. 1114(k) for loss of use of a creative organ or SMC(l) for loss of use of both extremities, and the examiner is required to document findings relevant to SMC eligibility.
  • You have the right to an Independent Medical Opinion (IMO) or nexus letter from a private physician, which carries equal evidentiary weight to the C&P examination under 38 CFR 3.303.

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This C&P exam preparation guide is for educational purposes only and does not constitute legal, medical, or claims advice. Always consult with a qualified Veterans Service Organization (VSO) representative or VA-accredited attorney for guidance specific to your claim. Never exaggerate, minimize, or fabricate symptoms during a C&P examination.