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C&P Exam Prep: Muscle Group XIV Injury (Quadriceps)

DC 5314 musculoskeletal 38 CFR 4.73

DBQ Overview

Interview + Physical
Form Name
Muscle_Injuries
Form Code
Muscle_Injuries
Page Count
12
Examiner Type
Orthopedic Surgeon, Physiatrist, or appropriate clinician
Estimated Duration
30-60 minutes
Exam Format
Interview + Physical

What to Expect During Your Exam

Exam Overview

To evaluate the nature, severity, and functional impact of a service-connected injury to Muscle Group XIV (anterior thigh muscles: sartorius, rectus femoris, vastus medialis, vastus lateralis, vastus intermedius - collectively the quadriceps), which are responsible for knee extension and hip flexion, under 38 CFR 4.73 Diagnostic Code 5314.

What the examiner evaluates:

  • Identity and extent of injured muscles within Group XIV (sartorius, rectus femoris, vastus medialis, vastus lateralis, vastus intermedius)
  • Presence and severity of scars including minimal scars, entrance/exit scars, ragged/depressed/adherent scars, and surgical scars
  • Muscle tissue findings: loss of substance, impaired muscle tonus, soft/flabby muscles, induration or atrophy, adaptive contraction of opposing muscles
  • Manual muscle testing (MMT) grade for knee extension (0-5 scale) bilaterally
  • Knee flexion and extension range of motion with DeLuca factors applied
  • Functional impairment: weakness, loss of power, fatigue, lowered threshold of fatigue, impairment of coordination, uncertainty of movement
  • Visible or measurable thigh atrophy via circumferential measurement comparison
  • Retained foreign bodies or shrapnel via X-ray evidence if applicable
  • Use of assistive devices (cane, crutches, walker, wheelchair, braces)
  • Impact on occupation and daily activities

Exam will be conducted in person by an orthopedic surgeon, physiatrist, or similarly qualified clinician. Veterans in most states may request that the exam be recorded. Bring all relevant service treatment records, private treatment records, and any assistive devices you regularly use.

Typical duration: 30-60 minutes

Manual Muscle Testing (MMT) - Knee Extension (Quadriceps)

Strength of the quadriceps (Group XIV) rated on a 0-5 scale per the DBQ: 5=normal, 4=active movement against some resistance, 3=active movement against gravity only, 2=active movement with gravity eliminated, 1=palpable contraction without movement, 0=no contraction

What to expect:

Examiner will ask you to straighten (extend) your knee against resistance while seated. Tested bilaterally for comparison. The examiner may also test hip flexion (sartorius contribution). Passive and active movements will be assessed.

Key thresholds:

  • Grade 5 (Normal) — Supports lower severity rating; ensure fatigue/pain after repetition is documented
  • Grade 4 (Active against some resistance) — Supports moderate disability; document conditions under which resistance fails
  • Grade 3 (Against gravity only) — Supports significant disability; difficulty climbing stairs, rising from chair
  • Grade 2 (Gravity eliminated only) — Supports severe disability; inability to climb stairs or rise without assistance
  • Grade 0-1 (Trace/no contraction) — Supports complete paralysis-level rating under analogous criteria

Tips:

  • Perform the test as you would on your worst typical day, not a particularly good day
  • If your quadriceps fatigue rapidly, inform the examiner before and after repeated testing
  • Report if the muscle gives out or buckles under load during daily activities
  • Ask the examiner to test after a brief period of repeated use to capture fatigue-related weakness

Pain considerations: Pain during resistance testing must be verbally reported. State the exact location (e.g., anterior thigh, around the quad tendon), severity on a 0-10 scale, and how pain causes you to stop or reduce effort. Pain that limits full effort is a legitimate functional finding under DeLuca and must be documented.

Knee Range of Motion - Flexion and Extension

Active and passive range of motion of the knee joint. Normal knee flexion is 0-140 degrees; extension is 0 degrees. Quadriceps injury may limit full active extension or cause extensor lag. Pain at end range is a critical DeLuca factor.

What to expect:

Examiner will use a goniometer to measure how far you can bend (flex) and straighten (extend) the knee both actively (you move it) and passively (examiner moves it). Weight-bearing and non-weight-bearing positions may both be tested per Correia requirements. Repeated use testing (3 repetitions) should be performed.

Key thresholds:

  • Flexion limited to 45 degrees or less — Significant functional limitation; supports higher rating for combined knee involvement
  • Extensor lag (cannot fully extend actively) — Indicates quadriceps weakness; document degrees of lag (e.g., 10-degree extensor lag)
  • Pain with end-range movement — DeLuca factor - examiner must note painful ROM; may support higher effective rating

Tips:

  • Report pain at the exact degree it begins, not just at end range
  • If ROM decreases after repeated movement, tell the examiner - this is a DeLuca factor (repetitive use)
  • Report if weight-bearing (standing) testing is more painful or limited than non-weight-bearing
  • Do not push through pain to demonstrate maximum effort; honest reporting is essential

Pain considerations: Pain on motion, including where in the arc pain begins and whether it limits the motion, must be documented by the examiner. If the examiner does not ask, volunteer this information. State: 'My knee hurts when I try to fully extend it, beginning at about X degrees, and this prevents me from completing the motion.'

Thigh Circumference / Muscle Atrophy Measurement

Circumferential measurement of both thighs at a fixed point (e.g., 10 cm above the superior pole of the patella) to document visible or measurable quadriceps atrophy compared to the contralateral (unaffected) side.

What to expect:

Examiner will use a tape measure around both thighs at the same level to compare circumference. A measurable difference (typically >1-2 cm) is documented as visible/measurable atrophy. Examiner may also visually inspect for visible wasting.

Key thresholds:

  • Measurable circumferential difference >1 cm — Supports moderate-to-severe rating; documents objective muscle loss
  • Visible atrophy without measurable difference — Still documentable; request that examiner note visual finding
  • No atrophy detected — Does not preclude rating based on strength/functional findings alone

Tips:

  • Wear shorts or loose pants that can be easily rolled up for accurate measurement
  • Note whether you have been less active due to pain, which accelerates atrophy
  • If atrophy is present in more than one muscle group, the examiner should document each location separately
  • Point out any visible dimpling, hollowing, or asymmetry in the thigh to the examiner

Pain considerations: Atrophy may reduce pain sensitivity in the affected area; conversely, fibrosis and scar tissue may increase focal tenderness. Report any tenderness on palpation of the quadriceps mass.

Scar Evaluation (Thigh / Quadriceps Region)

Characteristics of scars related to the muscle injury or surgery: minimal scars, entrance/exit wound scars, ragged/depressed/adherent scars indicating wide damage, adhesion to bone, and other surgical scars. These are specific rating elements under DC 5314.

What to expect:

Examiner will visually inspect and palpate any scars on the anterior thigh. They will characterize the scar type, note adherence to underlying tissues, tenderness, mobility, and size. Surgical scars from quadriceps repair or knee surgery are included.

Key thresholds:

  • Minimal scars only — Supports lower scar severity rating but does not limit muscle injury rating
  • Ragged, depressed, or adherent scars — Indicates wide tissue damage; supports higher severity rating
  • Adhesion to femur or patella — Significant finding supporting severe rating; limits mobility and causes pain

Tips:

  • Point out all scars including surgical scars, and describe any symptoms (pain, numbness, pulling sensation, restriction of movement)
  • If scars are painful or tender to touch, say so explicitly
  • Note if scarring causes you to limit motion or avoid certain positions
  • Bring photos if scars are not currently at their most symptomatic appearance

Pain considerations: Scar tenderness, especially with movement or palpation, must be reported. Adherent scars that pull with knee flexion represent a direct functional impairment.

Functional Endurance / Repetitive Use Testing (DeLuca Factors)

Whether repeated use of the quadriceps causes additional loss of strength, increased pain, fatigue, or incoordination - the DeLuca factors required for musculoskeletal DBQ evaluations.

What to expect:

Examiner may ask you to perform repetitive knee extensions or observe you walking/climbing to assess how function changes with use. If not formally tested, you must verbally describe how your condition worsens with activity.

Key thresholds:

  • Function decreases after first repetition — Significant DeLuca finding; must be documented
  • Pain increases with repeated use, limiting activity — Supports higher functional impairment rating
  • Fatigue occurs with minimal exertion (e.g., walking one block) — Supports lowered threshold of fatigue finding on DBQ checkbox

Tips:

  • Before the exam, briefly walk or use stairs so you arrive with some activity-related symptoms present
  • Describe your worst functional day - how far you can walk, how many stairs you can climb, how long you can stand
  • Report if your quad 'gives out' unexpectedly - this is uncertainty of movement and impairment of coordination
  • Describe how symptoms affect work tasks (lifting, walking distances, climbing, sitting-to-standing)

Pain considerations: Pain that increases with repeated use is a separate and additional impairment factor from pain at rest. Both must be documented. State: 'After walking two blocks, my thigh pain increases from a 4/10 to an 8/10 and I must stop and rest.'

Estimate

Rating Criteria Breakdown

50% Severe - Injury to Group XIV with severe residuals. Near-com ...

Severe - Injury to Group XIV with severe residuals. Near-complete loss of function of the quadriceps. Extreme weakness approaching paralysis, profound atrophy, complete loss of power for knee extension against gravity, marked incoordination, and severe functional disability. Use of assistive devices required.

Key Symptoms

  • Severe weakness - Grade 2-3 MMT (cannot extend knee against resistance)
  • Profound thigh atrophy
  • Near-complete or complete loss of quadriceps power
  • Inability to climb stairs without handrail or assistance
  • Inability to rise from chair without arm support
  • Requirement for assistive devices (cane, crutches, brace)
  • Induration or atrophy of entire muscle group
  • Extensor lag of significant degrees
  • Constant pain with weight-bearing

CFR: Severe loss of quadriceps function with profound atrophy; Grade 2-3 strength or worse; inability to perform functional activities requiring knee extension; reliance on assistive devices; extensive scarring with adhesion to bone; possible retained foreign bodies.

40% Moderately Severe - Injury to Group XIV with moderately seve ...

Moderately Severe - Injury to Group XIV with moderately severe residuals. Significant weakness, marked atrophy, definite loss of power, impaired coordination, and functional limitations in daily living activities including difficulty climbing stairs, rising from a chair, and sustained walking.

Key Symptoms

  • Marked weakness - Grade 3-4 MMT
  • Definite visible/measurable atrophy
  • Loss of power with weight-bearing activities
  • Impaired coordination or uncertainty of movement
  • Pain with routine daily activities
  • Ragged, depressed, or adherent scars
  • Difficulty climbing stairs or rising from seated position

CFR: Marked weakness with definite loss of power; substantial atrophy; impaired coordination; significant difficulty with weight-bearing activities; adherent or wide scars indicating tissue damage; possible soft/flabby muscles or impaired tonus.

20% Moderate - Injury to Group XIV with moderate residuals. Incl ...

Moderate - Injury to Group XIV with moderate residuals. Includes definite weakness, pain on use, lowered threshold of fatigue, and possible mild atrophy. Functional limitations present with moderate exertion.

Key Symptoms

  • Definite weakness on use
  • Pain and fatigue with moderate activity
  • Lowered threshold of fatigue
  • Possible mild measurable atrophy
  • Grade 4 MMT or declining with repetition
  • Some impairment of coordination

CFR: Moderate weakness with pain on use; some loss of muscle substance; lowered threshold of fatigue that limits sustained activity; possible mild atrophy with circumferential difference.

10% Slight - Injury to Group XIV (quadriceps) with minimal resid ...

Slight - Injury to Group XIV (quadriceps) with minimal residuals. May have minimal scars, slight weakness or fatigue with heavy exertion, and no significant functional limitation in daily activities.

Key Symptoms

  • Mild weakness with strenuous activity only
  • Minimal or healed scars
  • No significant atrophy
  • Muscle strength Grade 4-5 on MMT
  • Slight fatigue with heavy labor

CFR: Minimal scarring with no functional impairment; slight weakness on exertion; no significant limitation of knee extension power under normal daily conditions.

How to Describe Your Symptoms

Weakness and Loss of Power

How to describe:

Describe specific activities you cannot do or struggle with due to quadriceps weakness: rising from a chair without pushing off with your arms, climbing stairs one step at a time with the unaffected leg leading, inability to squat, knee buckling while walking on uneven ground.

Worst-day example:

“On my worst days, I cannot get up from a low chair without using both hands to push myself up, and my knee buckles on stairs so I must grip the railing with both hands and lead with my good leg every step. Walking more than half a block causes the knee to feel like it will give out.”

What the examiner listens for:

Specific functional limitations tied to quadriceps function - knee extension strength, ability to bear weight on a bent knee, stair climbing, rising from seated. Quantified limitations (distance, repetitions before failure, time).

Understatements to avoid:

Saying 'my leg is a little weak' without functional context. Never minimize: say exactly which activities you cannot do and what compensatory strategies you use (holding rails, sitting instead of squatting, avoiding stairs entirely).

Pain - Location, Character, and Triggers

How to describe:

Identify the precise location (anterior thigh, quad tendon, around the knee cap, deep in the muscle belly), character (aching, burning, sharp, throbbing, cramping), and triggers (walking, standing, going up/down stairs, prolonged sitting, weather changes). Rate pain on a 0-10 scale at rest, with normal activity, and at worst.

Worst-day example:

“At my worst, the front of my thigh aches constantly at a 6 out of 10 at rest and spikes to a 9 out of 10 when I try to walk more than one block or climb stairs. The pain radiates from the mid-thigh down toward my kneecap and causes me to limp noticeably. I take pain medication daily and it only partially controls it.”

What the examiner listens for:

Specific pain descriptors, location, radiation pattern, pain at rest vs. with activity, numerical pain ratings, impact on sleep, medications used and their effectiveness, whether pain limits ROM or strength testing.

Understatements to avoid:

Saying 'it hurts sometimes' - always quantify frequency (daily, every time I use stairs), severity (number scale), and functional impact (what you stopped doing because of pain).

Fatigue and Lowered Threshold of Fatigue

How to describe:

Explain that your quadriceps tire much faster than before the injury, and far faster than the unaffected leg. Describe how quickly fatigue sets in (e.g., after 5 minutes of walking, after one flight of stairs), how severe the fatigue feels, and how long recovery takes.

Worst-day example:

“I can walk for about five minutes before my thigh muscles feel completely exhausted and shaky. Before my injury I could walk for hours. After any exertion requiring my quadriceps, I need to sit and rest for 20-30 minutes before I can continue. By the end of a normal day, my leg is so fatigued I can barely lift it.”

What the examiner listens for:

Onset of fatigue with minimal exertion, comparison to pre-injury or contralateral side, recovery time needed, impact on sustained work activities and daily functioning.

Understatements to avoid:

Not mentioning fatigue at all because it seems less dramatic than pain. Fatigue and lowered threshold of fatigue are specific DBQ checkboxes that directly affect rating - if you experience them, describe them explicitly.

Coordination and Uncertainty of Movement

How to describe:

Describe any episodes where the knee unexpectedly gives way, buckles, or feels unstable. Note any difficulty with precise movements requiring quadriceps control (going down stairs, landing from a step, walking on uneven terrain, pivoting). Explain if you must watch your knee during movement or consciously think about each step.

Worst-day example:

“My knee buckles without warning when I'm walking on uneven ground or going down stairs, and I've fallen twice because of it. I have to concentrate on every step down a staircase and hold onto the railing the entire time. I cannot trust my leg to hold me when I pivot or change direction quickly.”

What the examiner listens for:

History of falls, near-falls, or buckling; need for conscious compensation during movement; avoidance of activities requiring quick direction changes; use of assistive devices specifically to manage instability.

Understatements to avoid:

Describing this as just 'weakness' - use the specific language of 'buckling,' 'giving out,' 'unpredictable,' and 'uncertainty of movement,' which correspond directly to DBQ checkboxes.

Atrophy and Physical Changes

How to describe:

Note any visible difference in the size of your affected thigh compared to the unaffected side. Describe any visible hollowing, decreased muscle bulk, or change in the contour of the anterior thigh. Mention if clothing fits differently on the two legs.

Worst-day example:

“My right thigh is noticeably smaller than my left - I can see the difference when I look in the mirror, and my pants fit loosely on the injured side compared to the other. The muscle above my knee looks flat and wasted where it used to be full.”

What the examiner listens for:

Visible asymmetry, measurable circumferential difference, location of atrophy (e.g., vastus medialis most affected), whether atrophy is progressive or stable.

Understatements to avoid:

Dismissing atrophy as 'just being less muscular.' If you can see or feel a difference between thighs, state it clearly and point it out to the examiner during the physical inspection.

Functional Impact on Daily Life and Work

How to describe:

Map every affected daily activity to the quadriceps: getting up from a toilet, low sofa, or car seat; climbing stairs at home or work; walking distances at work; kneeling; lifting while squatting; prolonged standing. Describe job duties you can no longer perform or perform with significant difficulty.

Worst-day example:

“I can no longer perform my former job duties which required climbing ladders and kneeling for extended periods. At home I cannot garden, cannot get down to floor level to play with my grandchildren, cannot carry groceries up more than three steps without stopping, and I had to install grab bars in my bathroom to get off the toilet safely.”

What the examiner listens for:

Specific ADL limitations, occupational impact, compensatory strategies, home modifications made, and how limitations have changed over time.

Understatements to avoid:

Only describing limitations during the exam setting. Describe your typical worst day at home or at work, not just how you feel sitting in the exam room after a period of rest.

Common Mistakes to Avoid

Prep Checklist

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Before Your Exam

Day Of

During the Exam

After the Exam

Your Rights During a C&P Exam

  • You have the right to a thorough, accurate C&P examination that documents all symptoms, functional limitations, and DeLuca factors for your quadriceps injury.
  • You have the right to request that the C&P examination be recorded in most states. Notify the examiner at the start of the appointment if you choose to exercise this right.
  • You have the right to submit a buddy statement (VA Form 21-10210) from family members, caregivers, or fellow veterans who can corroborate the functional impact of your quadriceps injury on daily life.
  • You have the right to a private medical opinion (nexus letter or DBQ completed by your own physician) to submit alongside or in lieu of a VA-ordered examination. Private DBQs carry equal evidentiary weight.
  • You have the right to request a new or additional C&P examination if you believe the original exam was inadequate, failed to consider all symptoms, or was conducted by an unqualified examiner.
  • You have the right to receive the benefit of the doubt under 38 CFR 3.102 - when evidence is in approximate balance, the decision must be made in your favor.
  • You have the right to appeal any rating decision within one year using the Supplemental Claim lane (new and relevant evidence), the Higher-Level Review lane (legal/procedural errors), or the Board of Veterans Appeals lane.
  • You have the right to access all records the VA used in deciding your claim, including the completed DBQ, through the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) or MyHealtheVet/VBMS.
  • You have the right to bring a VSO representative, accredited claims agent, or VA-accredited attorney to assist with your claim at no cost at the VSO level.
  • You have the right to an extraschedular rating consideration under 38 CFR 3.321(b)(1) if your quadriceps injury causes an exceptional disability picture not adequately captured by the schedular rating criteria.

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This C&P exam preparation guide is for educational purposes only and does not constitute legal, medical, or claims advice. Always consult with a qualified Veterans Service Organization (VSO) representative or VA-accredited attorney for guidance specific to your claim. Never exaggerate, minimize, or fabricate symptoms during a C&P examination.